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In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive, is an oral occlusive, a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue blade (, ) or body (, ), lips (, ), or glottis (). Stops contrast with nasals, where the vocal tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in and , and with fricatives, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the vocal tract. ==Terminology== The terms ''stop, occlusive,'' and ''plosive'' are often used interchangeably. Linguists who distinguish them may not agree on the distinction being made. The terms refer to different features of the consonant. "Stop" refers to the airflow that is stopped. "Occlusive" refers to the articulation, which occludes (blocks) the vocal tract. "Plosive" refers to the release burst (plosion) of the consonant. Either "occlusive" or "stop" may be used as a general term covering the other together with nasals. That is, 'occlusive' may be defined as oral occlusives (stops/plosives) plus nasal occlusives (nasals such as , ), or 'stop' may be defined as oral stops (plosives) plus nasal stops (nasals). Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) prefer to restrict 'stop' to oral occlusives. They say, :''what we call simply nasals are called nasal stops by some linguists. We avoid this phrase, preferring to reserve the term 'stop' for sounds in which there is a complete interruption of airflow.'' In addition, they use "plosive" for a pulmonic stop; "stops" in their usage include ejective and implosive consonants. If a term such as 'plosive' is used for oral obstruents, and nasals are not called nasal stops, then a ''stop'' may mean the glottal stop; 'plosive' may even mean non-glottal stop. In other cases, however, it may be the word 'plosive' that is restricted to the glottal stop. Note that, generally speaking, stops do not have plosion (a release burst). In English, for example, there are stops with no audible release, such as the in ''apt''. However, pulmonic stops do have plosion in other environments. In Ancient Greek, the term for stop was (''(unicode:áphōnon)''), which means "unpronounceable", "voiceless", or "silent", because stops could not be pronounced without a vowel. This term was calqued into Latin as ラテン語:''mūta'', and from there borrowed into English as ''mute''. ''Mute'' was sometimes used instead for voiceless consonants, whether stops or fricatives, a usage that was later replaced with ''surd'', from Latin ''ラテン語:surdus'' "deaf" or "silent", a term still occasionally seen in the literature. For more information on the Ancient Greek terms, see . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「stop consonant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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